Art History

Art history is the exploration of human expression through visual creativity, spanning from prehistoric cave paintings to contemporary digital installations. It reflects the evolution of societies, cultures, and technologies, capturing the essence of human experience across time. By studying various art movements and their masterpieces, we gain insight into the values, struggles, and innovations of different eras, enriching our understanding of the world and our place within it.

1. Prehistoric Art (c. 100,000 – 3,000 BCE)

Prehistoric art encompasses the earliest human expressions, including cave paintings, carvings, and megalithic structures. These works often held ritualistic or symbolic significance, reflecting early humans' interactions with their environment and beliefs.Study.com

Notable Artworks:

• Chauvet Cave Paintings (France): Depicting animals like lions and rhinoceroses, dating back to around 30,000 BCE.

• Lascaux Cave Paintings (France): Famous for detailed depictions of bulls, horses, and deer, approximately 17,000 years old.

• Venus of Willendorf (Austria): A limestone figurine estimated to be about 25,000 years old, representing fertility.

• Altamira Cave Paintings (Spain): Known for vivid bison images, dating to around 14,000 BCE.

• Stonehenge (England): A megalithic structure from around 3000 BCE, possibly used for astronomical or ceremonial purposes.
  
  

2. Ancient Egyptian Art (c. 3,100 – 30 BCE)

Ancient Egyptian art is characterized by its adherence to strict conventions and symbolic meanings, often serving religious or funerary purposes. Artworks were created to ensure order and harmony, reflecting the culture's emphasis on the afterlife.

Notable Artworks:

• Bust of Nefertiti: A limestone sculpture from the 14th century BCE, exemplifying royal beauty.

• Golden Mask of Tutankhamun: A funerary mask from the 14th century BCE, showcasing intricate craftsmanship.

• Great Sphinx of Giza: A colossal limestone statue with a lion's body and a pharaoh's head, dating to around 2500 BCE.

• Painted Coffins and Tombs: Featuring depictions of the sky goddess Nut and celestial themes .

• Fayum Mummy Portraits: Naturalistic painted portraits from the Roman period in Egypt .Live ScienceWikipedia
  
  

3. Ancient Greek Art (c. 900 – 31 BCE)

Ancient Greek art evolved through several periods, emphasizing humanism, proportion, and the pursuit of ideal beauty. It laid the foundation for Western art traditions.ThoughtCo+3Ducksters+3Wikipedia+3

Notable Artworks:

• Kouros Statues: Archaic period sculptures representing idealized male youth.

• Parthenon Sculptures: Classical period works, including the friezes and statues from the Parthenon temple.

• Discobolus (Discus Thrower): A Classical sculpture by Myron, capturing movement and balance.

• Laocoön and His Sons: A Hellenistic sculpture depicting intense emotion and drama.

• Black-Figure and Red-Figure Pottery: Vases illustrating mythological and daily scenes .Wikipedia+1Art Institute of Chicago+1
  
  

4. Ancient Roman Art (c. 509 BCE – 476 CE)

Roman art was heavily influenced by Greek precedents but focused more on realism and practical applications. It encompassed a wide range of mediums, including sculpture, painting, and architecture.

Notable Artworks:

• Augustus of Prima Porta: A statue portraying the first Roman emperor in idealized form.

• Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace): An altar celebrating peace under Augustus's reign.

• Pantheon: An architectural marvel with a massive dome, dedicated to all Roman gods.

• Trajan's Column: A monumental column depicting the emperor's military campaigns.

• Fayum Mummy Portraits: Naturalistic portraits from Roman Egypt, blending Egyptian and Roman styles .Wikipedia
  
  

5. Byzantine Art (c. 330 – 1453 CE)

Byzantine art emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire, focusing on religious themes and characterized by its use of mosaics, icons, and a departure from naturalism. It aimed to convey spiritual truths rather than physical realism.

Notable Artworks:

• Hagia Sophia Mosaics: Intricate mosaics adorning the walls of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

• Icons of the Virgin and Child: Devotional images used in Orthodox Christian worship.

• Chora Church Frescoes: Well-preserved frescoes depicting biblical scenes.

• Theotokos Mosaic in Hagia Sophia: An iconic representation of the Virgin Mary.

• Works by Andrei Rublev: Renowned for his icon paintings, including the "Trinity" .
  
  

6. Medieval Art (c. 500 – 1400 CE)

Medieval art spans a millennium, encompassing various styles and movements across Europe. It was predominantly religious, serving to educate and inspire the faithful.

Notable Artworks:

• Book of Kells: An illuminated manuscript containing the four Gospels, richly decorated.

• Notre-Dame Cathedral Sculptures: Gothic sculptures adorning the famous Parisian cathedral.

• Giotto's Frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel: Narrative frescoes depicting the life of Christ.

• Lindisfarne Gospels: An illuminated manuscript blending Christian and Celtic motifs.

• Palatine Chapel of Aachen: A Carolingian architectural masterpiece .

7. Renaissance Art (c. 1300 – 1600 CE)

The Renaissance marked a period of renewed interest in the classical art and philosophies of ancient Greece and Rome. Originating in Italy, this era emphasized humanism, proportion, perspective, and individual expression. Artists sought to depict the natural world and the human figure with greater realism and emotion, leading to groundbreaking developments in techniques and artistic expression.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man, Lady with an Ermine, The Baptism of Christ (with Verrocchio)

• Michelangelo Buonarroti: David, The Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel ceiling), Pietà, The Last Judgment, Moses

• Raphael Sanzio: The School of Athens, Sistine Madonna, The Transfiguration, Madonna of the Goldfinch, La Fornarina

• Titian (Tiziano Vecellio): Assumption of the Virgin, Venus of Urbino, Bacchus and Ariadne, The Rape of Europa, Portrait of Charles V

• Albrecht Dürer: Melencolia I, Knight, Death, and the Devil, Self-Portrait (1500), Adoration of the Magi, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

8. Baroque Art (c. 1600 – 1750)

Baroque art emerged in early 17th-century Europe, characterized by dramatic expression, grandeur, and movement. It often served religious and political purposes, aiming to evoke emotion and awe.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Caravaggio: The Calling of Saint Matthew, Judith Beheading Holofernes, The Supper at Emmaus, David with the Head of Goliath, The Conversion of Saint Paul

• Peter Paul Rubens: The Elevation of the Cross, The Descent from the Cross, The Garden of Love, The Massacre of the Innocents, The Three Graces

• Rembrandt van Rijn: The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Self-Portrait with Two Circles, The Jewish Bride, The Return of the Prodigal Son

• Diego Velázquez: Las Meninas, The Surrender of Breda, Portrait of Pope Innocent X, The Rokeby Venus, Old Woman Frying Eggs

• Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Apollo and Daphne, David, The Rape of Proserpina, Fountain of the Four Rivers
  
  

9. Rococo Art (c. 1730 – 1780)

Rococo art developed in early 18th-century France, known for its ornate elegance, pastel colors, and playful themes. It often depicted scenes of love, nature, and leisure. StudioBinder

Notable Artists and Works:

• Jean-Antoine Watteau: Pilgrimage to Cythera, The Embarkation for Cythera, Gilles, The Shop Sign of Gersaint, Mezzetin

• François Boucher: The Toilet of Venus, Madame de Pompadour, The Birth of Venus, Pastoral Scene, The Triumph of Venus

• Jean-Honoré Fragonard: The Swing, The Progress of Love, The Bolt, Young Girl Reading, The Stolen Kiss

• Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun: Marie Antoinette and Her Children, Self-Portrait with Daughter, Portrait of Madame Grand, Portrait of Countess Golovine, Portrait of Hubert Robert

• Thomas Gainsborough: The Blue Boy, Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, Portrait of Mrs. Siddons, The Market Cart, Landscape with Cattle
  
  

10. Neoclassicism (c. 1750 – 1830)

Neoclassicism arose as a reaction to the ornate Rococo style, drawing inspiration from classical antiquity. It emphasized simplicity, symmetry, and moral virtue.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Jacques-Louis David: The Death of Socrates, The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Marat, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, The Coronation of Napoleon

• Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Grande Odalisque, The Apotheosis of Homer, Portrait of Madame Moitessier, The Turkish Bath, Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne

• Antonio Canova: Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, Venus Victrix, Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker, The Three Graces

• Angelica Kauffman: Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, The Artist in the Character of Design Listening to the Inspiration of Poetry, Self-Portrait Hesitating Between the Arts of Music and Painting, Zeuxis Selecting Models for His Painting of Helen of Troy, Ariadne Abandoned by Theseus

• John Flaxman: Homeric Illustrations, Cephalus and Aurora, The Fury of Athamas, The Apotheosis of Homer, The Shield of Achilles
  
  

11. Romanticism (c. 1800 – 1850)

Romanticism emphasized emotion, individualism, and the sublime in nature, often reacting against industrialization and rationalism.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Francisco Goya: The Third of May 1808, Saturn Devouring His Son, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, The Nude Maja, Witches' Sabbath

• Eugène Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People, The Death of Sardanapalus, Women of Algiers in their Apartment, The Barque of Dante, The Massacre at Chios

• J.M.W. Turner: The Fighting Temeraire, Rain, Steam and Speed, Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, The Slave Ship, Fishermen at Sea

• Caspar David Friedrich: Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, The Sea of Ice, Monk by the Sea, Chalk Cliffs on Rügen, The Abbey in the Oakwood

• Théodore Géricault: The Raft of the Medusa, The Charging Chasseur, The Wounded Cuirassier, Portrait of a Kleptomaniac, The 1821 Epsom Derby
  
  

12. Realism (c. 1840 – 1880)

Realism focused on depicting everyday life and ordinary people with truth and accuracy, often highlighting social issues.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Gustave Courbet: The Stone Breakers, A Burial at Ornans, The Artist's Studio, The Bathers, The Origin of the World

• Jean-François Millet: The Gleaners, The Angelus, The Sower, Shepherdess with Her Flock, Man with a Hoe

• Honoré Daumier: The Third-Class Carriage, Rue Transnonain, The Laundress, Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, The Legislative Belly

• Édouard Manet: Olympia, Luncheon on the Grass, The Fifer, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, The Railway

• Ilya Repin: Barge Haulers on the Volga, Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan, Religious Procession in Kursk Province, Portrait of Leo Tolstoy

13. Impressionism (c. 1860s – 1880s)

Impressionism marked a revolutionary shift in art, emphasizing the transient effects of light and color over precise detail. Artists painted en plein air (outdoors) to capture fleeting moments, often depicting everyday scenes and landscapes.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Claude Monet: Impression, Sunrise, Water Lilies series, Woman with a Parasol, Rouen Cathedral series, Haystacks series

• Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Luncheon of the Boating Party, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, The Swing, The Umbrellas, The Bathers

• Edgar Degas: The Ballet Class, The Absinthe Drinker, L'Absinthe, The Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, The Rehearsal

• Camille Pissarro: Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning, The Harvest, The Red Roofs, The Garden of the Tuileries, Young Peasant Woman with Straw Hat

• Berthe Morisot: The Cradle, Summer's Day, The Harbor at Lorient, Woman at Her Toilette, The Butterfly Hunt
  
  

14. Post-Impressionism (c. 1886 – 1905)

Post-Impressionism extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations, focusing more on symbolic content, formal order, and structure. Artists sought to express emotional and symbolic meanings through vivid colors and distinct brushstrokes. Rise Art

Notable Artists and Works:

• Vincent van Gogh: Starry Night, Sunflowers, The Bedroom, Irises, Wheatfield with Crows

• Paul Cézanne: Mont Sainte-Victoire series, The Card Players, Still Life with Apples, Bathers series, The Large Bathers

• Paul Gauguin: Vision After the Sermon, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?, Tahitian Women on the Beach, The Yellow Christ, Self-Portrait with Halo

• Georges Seurat: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, Bathers at Asnières, The Circus, The Models, Port-en-Bessin, Evening

• Henri Toulouse-Lautrec: At the Moulin Rouge, La Goulue at the Moulin Rouge, The Clowness Cha-U-Kao, The Dance at the Moulin Rouge, Elles

15. Fauvism (c. 1905 – 1910)

Fauvism was characterized by bold, vibrant colors and wild brushwork, with artists focusing on painterly qualities and strong color over representational accuracy. The term "Fauves," meaning "wild beasts," was coined due to the radical use of color. Wikipedia+1The Art Story+1

Notable Artists and Works:

• Henri Matisse: Woman with a Hat, The Joy of Life, Red Room (Harmony in Red), Blue Nude, The Snail

• André Derain: Charing Cross Bridge, The Turning Road, L'Estaque, London Bridge, Mountains at Collioure, The Pool of London

• Maurice de Vlaminck: The River Seine at Chatou, The Red Trees, Portrait of Derain, The House at Chatou, Still Life with Fruit

• Georges Braque: Houses at L'Estaque, The Portuguese, Viaduct at L'Estaque, Man with a Guitar, Still Life with Fruit Dish

• Raoul Dufy: The Horse Race, The Port of Honfleur, The Open Window, The Regatta at Cowes, The Blue Sky
  
  

16. Expressionism (c. 1905 – 1930s)

Expressionism sought to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it for emotional effect to evoke moods or ideas. It often portrayed raw, emotional, and sometimes distorted imagery. Artland Magazine+2The Art Story+2Encyclopedia Britannica+2

Notable Artists and Works:

• Edvard Munch: The Scream, The Madonna, The Sick Child, The Dance of Life, The Kiss

• Egon Schiele: Self-Portrait with Physalis, Death and the Maiden, The Family, Portrait of Wally, Seated Woman with Bent Knee

• Wassily Kandinsky: Composition VII, Yellow-Red-Blue, Composition X, Improvisation 28, On White II

• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Street, Berlin, Self-Portrait as a Soldier, The Red Tower in Halle, Bathing Women, Pine Forest

• Franz Marc: Blue Horse I, The Fate of the Animals, Yellow Cow, Deer in the Forest, The Tower of Blue Horses

17. Cubism (c. 1907 – 1917)

Cubism abandoned perspective, which had been used in painting for 500 years, and instead used geometric shapes and interlocking planes to depict subjects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Guernica, The Weeping Woman, Three Musicians, Girl before a Mirror

• Georges Braque: Violin and Candlestick, Man with a Guitar, Houses at L'Estaque, The Portuguese, Still Life with Fruit Dish

• Juan Gris: Still Life with Checked Tablecloth, Portrait of Picasso, The Sunblind, The Guitar, Still Life in the Studio

• Fernand Léger: The City, The Mechanic, The Three Musicians, Composition, The Builders

• Robert Delaunay: Simultaneous Windows on the City, The Eiffel Tower, Circular Forms, Rhythms, Homage to Bleriot

18. Dada (c. 1916 – 1924)

Dada was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in response to the horrors of World War I, emphasizing absurdity, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest. Wikipedia

Notable Artists and Works:

• Marcel Duchamp: Fountain, Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2, The Large Glass, L.H.O.O.Q., Bicycle Wheel

• Hannah Höch: Cut with the Kitchen Knife, Dada Dance, The Beautiful Girl, The Eternal Cycle, Portrait of the Dadaist Raoul Hausmann

• Tristan Tzara: The Gas Heart, Dada Manifesto, The First Celestial Adventure of Mr. Antipyrine, The Hundred Thousand Billion Poems, The Dadaist's Guide to the Arts

• Jean Arp: Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, Untitled (Torn Paper with Squares), The Forest, The Garden, Human Concretion

• Francis Picabia: La Sainte Vierge, D'Amérique, La Sainte Vierge (repeated multiple times)

19. Surrealism (c. 1924 – 1966)

Surrealism sought to channel the unconscious as a means to unlock the power of the imagination. It aimed to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality. The movement was influenced by the psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud and the anti-rationalist ideas of Dada. Surrealist artists created dreamlike scenes and bizarre images that challenged the conventional understanding of reality.

Notable Artists and Works:

• Salvador Dalí: The Persistence of Memory, The Elephants, The Sacrament of the Last Supper, The Great Masturbator, The Burning Giraffe

• René Magritte: The Son of Man, The Lovers, The Human Condition, The Menaced Assassin, The False Mirror

• Max Ernst: The Elephant Celebes, The Robing of the Bride, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, The Entire City, The Temptation of St. Anthony

• Yves Tanguy: Indefinite Divisibility, Mama, The Inward Eye, The Garden of France, The Juggler

• Joan Miró: The Tilled Field, The Harlequin's Carnival, The Birth of the World, The Farm, Blue II

20. Abstract Expressionism (c. 1940s – 1960s)

Abstract Expressionism was an American post–World War II art movement that emphasized spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation. It was characterized by gestural brush-strokes or mark-making, and the impression of spontaneity. The movement was influenced by Surrealism and was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence. Wikipedia

Notable Artists and Works:

• Jackson Pollock: No. 5, 1948, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), Convergence, Blue Poles, One: Number 31, 1950

• Willem de Kooning: Woman I, Excavation, Woman and Bicycle, Police Gazette, Gotham News

• Mark Rothko: No. 61 (Rust and Blue), Orange and Yellow, No. 14, No. 10, Black on Maroon

• Lee Krasner: The Seasons, Gotham News, Untitled (White Squares), Polar Stampede, The Eye Is the First Circle

• Franz Kline: Mahoning, Chief, Black and White, Zapatista, Meryon

21. Pop Art (c. 1950s – 1970s)

Pop Art emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. It challenged traditional fine art by incorporating imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books, and mundane cultural objects. The movement is characterized by a sense of irony and a focus on materialism and consumerism. The Art Story

Notable Artists and Works:

• Andy Warhol: Campbell's Soup Cans, Marilyn Diptych, Gold Marilyn Monroe, Eight Elvises, Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)

• Roy Lichtenstein: Whaam!, Drowning Girl, Hopeless, Oh, Jeff... I Love You, Too... But..., Girl with Ball

• Robert Rauschenberg: Erased de Kooning Drawing, Bed, Monogram, Canyon, White Painting

• Jasper Johns: Flag, Target with Four Faces, Numbers in Color, Map, Three Flags

• Tom Wesselmann: Great American Nude series, Still Life #30, Bedroom Painting #3, Study for Still Life #30, Still Life #26
  
  

22. Minimalism (c. 1960s – 1970s)

Minimalism emerged as a reaction against the complexity and expressiveness of Abstract Expressionism. It emphasized simplicity and objectivity, focusing on geometric forms and industrial materials. The movement sought to remove personal expression and to focus on the object itself. The Guardian

Notable Artists and Works:

• Donald Judd: Untitled (Stacked Boxes), Untitled (Progression), Untitled (DSS 1), Untitled (DSS 2), Untitled (DSS 3)

• Dan Flavin: Monument for V. Tatlin, Untitled (to the real Dan Hill), Untitled (for Leo Castelli), Untitled (for Leo Castelli), Untitled (for Leo Castelli)

• Sol LeWitt: Wall Drawing #1136, Open Cube, Incomplete Open Cubes, Sculpture 3, Sculpture 4

• Agnes Martin: Untitled, White Flower, The Tree, Happy Holiday, The Islands

• Robert Morris: Untitled (L-Beams), Box with the Sound of Its Own Making, Blind Time, Untitled (Mirror Cube), Untitled (L-Beams)

23. Contemporary Art (c. 1970s – Present)

Contemporary art refers to the art of today, generally produced from the 1970s onwards. It encompasses a wide range of styles, mediums, and subjects, reflecting the diverse and globalized world in which it is created. Contemporary artists often challenge traditional boundaries and explore new forms of expression. Wikipedia

Notable Artists and Works:

• Jeff Koons: Balloon Dog (Red), Rabbit, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, Hanging Heart, Pink Panther

• Yayoi Kusama: Infinity Mirror Rooms, Pumpkin, Narcissus Garden, Dots Obsession, Obliteration Room

• Banksy: Girl with a Balloon, The Flower Thrower, There Is Always Hope, Laugh Now, Rage, the Flower Thrower

• Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn, Straight, Remembering, Sunflower Seeds

• Kara Walker: A Subtlety, The Emancipation Approximation, Slavery! Slavery!, The World Was Once All Miracle, The Means to an End
  
  

24. Conceptual Art (c. 1960s – 1970s)

Conceptual Art emphasizes the idea or concept behind the artwork over its aesthetic or material aspects. Artists in this movement argued that the concept is the most crucial component of art. This approach often led to works that were text-based, installations, or performances.Magazine Artsper+4Magazine Artsper+4The Washington Post+4

Notable Artists and Works:

• Sol LeWitt: Wall Drawings series, Paragraphs on Conceptual Art (1967)

• Joseph Kosuth: One and Three Chairs (1965)

• Lawrence Weiner: Statements series

• Yoko Ono: Instruction Paintings

• On Kawara: Today series
  
  

25. Street Art (c. 1980s – Present)

Emerging from graffiti culture, Street Art incorporates various media and techniques, often with a focus on social and political themes. Unlike traditional graffiti, Street Art is typically more polished and can be found in galleries and museums.
Notable Artists and Works:

• Banksy: Girl with a Balloon, There Is Always Hope

• Jean-Michel Basquiat: Untitled (1981), Hollywood Africans

• Keith Haring: Radiant Baby, Crack is Wack

• RETNA: Untitled (2011)

• Shepard Fairey: Obey Giant, Hope
  
  

26. Feminist Art (c. 1970s – Present)

Feminist Art emerged as a response to the underrepresentation and misrepresentation of women in the art world. It seeks to address issues of gender, identity, and power dynamics.
Notable Artists and Works:

• Judy Chicago: The Dinner Party (1974–79)

• Cindy Sherman: Untitled Film Stills (1977–80)

• Barbara Kruger: Your Body is a Battleground (1989)

• Ana Mendieta: Silueta Series (1973–80)

• Faith Ringgold: Tar Beach (1988)
  
  

27. New Media Art (c. 1990s – Present)

New Media Art encompasses works created with digital technologies, including video, computer graphics, and interactive installations. It explores the relationship between technology, culture, and society.
Notable Artists and Works:

• Nam June Paik: TV Buddha (1974)

• Rafael Lozano-Hemmer: Pulse Room (2006)

• Jenny Holzer: Blue Purple Tilt (2007)

• Ryoji Ikeda: data.scan (2005)

• TeamLab: Borderless (2018)
  
  

28. Post-Internet Art (c. 2000s – Present)

Post-Internet Art reflects on the pervasive influence of the internet on contemporary life. It often critiques the digital age, exploring themes of identity, consumerism, and the virtual world.
Notable Artists and Works:

• Jon Rafman: Nine Eyes of Google Street View (2008–present)

• Amalia Ulman: Excellences & Perfections (2014)

• Rachel Rossin: I Came and Went (2016)

• JODI: My%Desktop (1994)

• Cory Arcangel: Super Mario Clouds (2002)
  
  

29. Environmental Art (c. 1990s – Present)

Environmental Art focuses on ecological issues, often using natural materials and sites to create works that highlight environmental concerns. It aims to raise awareness about environmental degradation and sustainability.
Notable Artists and Works:

• Andy Goldsworthy: Icicle Star (1987)

• Olafur Eliasson: The Weather Project (2003)

• Nils-Udo: Nest (1981)

• Agnes Meyer-Brandis: Moon Goose Colony (2008–present)

• Maya Lin: What is Missing? (2009)
  
  

30. Global Contemporary Art (c. 2000s – Present)

Global Contemporary Art reflects the interconnectedness of the world, incorporating diverse cultural perspectives and addressing global issues such as migration, identity, and geopolitics.
Notable Artists and Works:

• El Anatsui: Tsiatsia – Searching for Connection (2007)

• Yayoi Kusama: Infinity Mirror Rooms (1965–present)

• Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds (2010)

• Doris Salcedo: Shibboleth (2007)

• Kara Walker: A Subtlety (2014)